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Former vice president of PayPal, Reid Hoffman, 44, is a key figure in Silicon Valley. It was the first to invest in Facebook, along with Peter Thiel, in 2004. His most recent investments include Ping.fm, Zynga and Grouply.

LE FIGARO. -What is the project founder of LinkedIn?

Reid Hoffman. – I always look for broad trends. When I started to think of LinkedIn, in 2001-2002, I saw two. The first is that the world of work is changing. Around the world, lifetime employment is disappearing and every individual is responsible for developing their own skills, in a connected world. The second was the rise of the Internet. Result, LinkedIn is the platform that allows each person to develop itself to show who she is, she works with, access to other experiences and skills.We are still at the beginning of the implementation of this vision. For now, people see the opportunity in LinkedIn to stay connected with others and find experts. It is not yet to the point where people question the means to invest in themselves, become more efficient. Today, everyone googlise names and everyone can be found on Google. What people do not realize is that they can ensure that what the first track of their professional profile.

How do you change the world of social networks?

The existence of other networks has been good for us. But people still think they choose to participate when we are already in a networked world. The question is: how will we navigate intelligently in this world? Today, Facebook is the barbecue in your garden. Twitter is the equivalent of the media.LinkedIn is the desktop. There is room for other networks but it has to offer is both broad and unique. There are broad categories such as religion or sports that are not occupied. I think there will be a big player that we do not yet know who will emerge within five years.

You see Google + as a potential competitor?

+ Google is a good social product. The question is: how will he differentiation? It is not yet a competitor of LinkedIn. It could go in that direction but it is not safe. To serve the professional market, it must be specialized. LinkedIn Today provides information to industry sources. A circle with your co-workers does not go into this level of specificity.Moreover, the context is important: what do you see on your screen?

What do you think valuations of Internet companies today? Is there a bubble?

Valuations are a sensitive issue. This is the net worth based on what we think is the future. My view is that social networks are fundamental phenomena that will change the world, yes. But with regard to the numbers, I let the markets decide. There are bubble if the prediction is bad, but I argue that change is very deep.

These networks generate data and make business. Is not this a problem?

In the case of LinkedIn, the use of data turns to the advantage for our users. There is no question of location of Internet users or photos of their children but rather to know what skills are likely, and so on.Users can not feel taken aback by the use of data. When you have a technological transformation, people fail to recognize that transparency is good for them massive. Surfers will discover that to move towards more openness and transparency is beneficial for them. We are often asked about our practices and always act quickly. Must maintain confidence.

LinkedIn helps determine business strategy according to their recruitment. This can be problematic vis-à-vis their competitors?

When a company publishes a job, it puts as much detail as possible to attract the best profile. We can already draw a lot of information of such data. But we must look at the return: a company wants us to know in which area it recruits to form the best teams.For investors, this can also be good to know in which direction it goes. So there is more value to be open and transparent. Finally, for us, the interest of the individual will always pass before that of the company. We want our users to have a positive experience.

Personally, you are investing in numerous start-up early, including Facebook and Zynga. What is your strategy?

I look at three things when I invest: market places that inspired me to invest in newly-Airbnb, networks, Zynga is a network of games and platforms-as Shopkick. It is also important that there is no conflict of interest with my work at LinkedIn. So I'm on the board of Zynga, but not Facebook.This is useful in that I see common trends on both sides, parallels that are used for my investment as my work at LinkedIn.

Where do you come the next big technological breakthrough?

I closely monitor the field of open source hardware.

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Relief from international stock markets. Wednesday after the U.S. places, it's time for Asian indices on Thursday morning to welcome the statements of Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining Greece in the euro area. The Asian markets – and notament Tokyo – earn up to 1.5%. For its part, the euro ahead by 0.5% against the dollar and 1.375 against the dollar is trading early this morning. The "future" on the European stock index Eurostoxx 50 show an increase of 2.50% on opening.

Following a conference call held late in the day Wednesday between Nicolas Sarkozy, Angela Merkel and George Papandreou, the Franco-German couple has been very clear in stating that "the role of Greece in the euro area. "In a statement released in the process, they attached a condition, however, also very explicit: "The implementation of strict and effective recovery program of the Greek economy supported by the countries of the euro area and the IMF and which conditions the disbursement of future tranches of the program. "

Since the Davos Forum held for three days in Tianjin, China, Zhang Xiaoqiang, deputy director of the China Development and Reform, confirmed that China stands ready to buy securities with sovereign debt states involved in the debt crisis.Earlier in the day, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao had made statements to this effect while advising countries to reduce their deficits and to open their markets rather than relying on China to pay off the debts of the world's economies wide.

Similarly, the president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, said his country is ready to participate in a "global effort" against the economic crisis that affects rich countries, following the announcement of a meeting of countries emerging Brics (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) to discuss aid to Europe.The head of state stressed, however, that there is no "global solution" to the crisis and that much depends on the countries concerned.

For its part, the U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner who should participate in a meeting Friday of finance ministers in Europe, had said before the conference between France, Germany and Greece, convinced that the Europeans "have financial resources to do what is necessary and avoid the collapse "of the euro area". He had, however, added that the Europeans will have to "recognize that they will have to do more and have fallen behind."

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The more than 2000 centers of computer servers around the world already consume as much energy as air transport, said Jean-Philippe Buisson, director Ile de France Dalkia. Nearly half of the electricity consumed by these sheds containing hundreds of cupboards full of electronics that process the billions of Google data, banks and any large corporation, is devoted to cooling. In a new area of ​​Val d'Europe being built in Disneyland in the new town of Marne-la-Vallée, the heat produced by one of these "data centers", instead of being wasted and sent to the atmosphere, will be recovered.Exchangers collect water at 55 ° C, to fuel, from the end of the year, 600,000 square meters (m2) of office space and apartments on 150 acres.

A complicated solution found in a recent study conducted by Microsoft, but which was made possible in Marne-la-Vallee as decided at the design center and the business district.

5400 tons of CO2 emissions and less

According to Dalkia (a subsidiary of EDF and Veolia), prime contractor for the network, the central heat in the atmosphere will save 5400 tons of annual CO2 emissions compared to a gas boiler. The computer center, a "bunker" of 8000 square meters dedicated to extend over 25000m2, is owned by a bank that prefers to conceal his name, as these "data centers" are critical buildings.The bank, according to Jean-Philippe Buisson, finance the heat exchanger, about 10% of the total investment of "several million". The remaining 90% are devoted to the distribution of hot water and sub-pumping stations.

The bank will sell its heat to Dalkia under a contract of twenty-five years, which will allow a return on investment. This district heating and hot water will return to green about 8 cents per kilowatt hour for customers. It's "a little cheaper than electric heating, notes Jean-Philippe Buisson, a little more expensive than gas heating, but with one advantage: price stability," while gas is still pegged to the oil .In addition, for the consumer, this clean is eligible for the 5.5% VAT.

Dalkia is exploring the possibility of recovering heat from data centers in other neighborhoods or new neighborhoods eco France.

In the wake of European stock exchanges and the CAC 40, the U.S. markets aparaissent significantly in the red on Friday, amid disagreements with the ECB and debt crisis. At the close, the Nasdaq and Standard & Poors'500 100 respectively lost 2.67% to 1154.23 points and 2467.99 points to 2.42%. As for Dow Jones, falling 2.69% to 10,992.13 points. This is the biggest drop in Wall Street during the past three weeks.

Markets such as increased losses when Jürgen Stark, member of the Executive Board of the ECB, announced his resignation for "personal reasons", the statement of the institution. The chief economist of the institution has repeatedly expressed his opposition in recent weeks to buyback of government bonds led the ECB to ease the most fragile countries in the euro area.To this must be added the increasing fears of a major failure of Greece that have undermined investor sentiment. "The markets are falling heavily as the big concern is about the crisis of sovereign debt in Europe, especially in Greece," summarized Peter Cardillo, Rockwell Global Capital.

According to analysts, the drop is also due Friday the threat of attack ten years to the day after the attacks against the twin towers of World Trade Center. Washington said Friday morning that al Qaeda was behind the threat of attack "specific, credible but unconfirmed."

In addition, markets have shown little convinced by the stimulus of employment presented by Barack Obama on the eve of 447 billion.Operators are skeptical that the U.S. president to implement his program because of opposition from his Republican opponents that could block the vote.

Expectations related to the G7 Finance

To this must be added the words of Christine Lagarde, Executive Director of the IMF, stressed the urgent need for additional capital banks.So far, investors have also expressed no confidence in the discussions of the G7 finance that opened Friday in London to try to find an answer to the crisis.

Another item, from China, was not enough to appease both sides of the Atlantic: Inflation has indeed slowed in China in August, which removes the fear that Beijing tighten monetary policy .

On the macroeconomic front, wholesale inventories reached a record high in July, rising 0.8% to 462.4 billion dollars, an unprecedented amount, in line with market expectations. Note that a first estimate of consumer confidence from the University of Michigan for the month of September is expected in the afternoon.

As for the euro, it is at present weighed down by concerns about increasing the economic health of the euro area and the global economic recovery.At the close of the New York Stock Exchange, the European currency fell to 1.3658 dollar (-1.63%), its lowest level since Feb. 23. For its part, the oil has finished on a decline, a barrel of "light sweet crude" for October delivery ended at 87.24 dollars, down 1.81 dollars compared to the previous day.

Threats to jobs at Bank of America

On the corporate side, no major publication was in sight Friday.

The job cuts planned by the management of Bank of America (-3.05% to 6.980 dollars) as part of its restructuring plan could affect 40,000 people, said Friday the Wall Street Journal Online, citing sources familiar with the . The group identified on 30 June nearly 288,000 employees. So far, estimates of job losses were around 30,000, while many banks worldwide have announced significant staff reductions.These reductions would occur as part of an extensive research program savings called "Project LAC", the acronym by which exchanged the title of the institution to the New York Stock Exchange.

Texas Instruments (1.08% to 26.08 dollars) remains small increase, after a warning issued Thursday night on its third quarter results, citing a decline in demand for semiconductors. IT had already warned in July that the current quarter would be modest. The group emphasized that this time the request had deteriorated to "a wide range of products, markets." The manufacturer of components that go particularly in the manufacture of mobile phones and automotive electronics, said now anticipate earnings per share between 56 cents and 60 against a previous range stretching from 55 to 65 cents.

The day after a session sharply higher on Wall Street and in Asia, the Paris market continued its rebound sharply on Tuesday after rising 2.2% Monday. At the opening, the benchmark index of the Paris Bourse was awarded 1.22% in 3192, 69 points. But at midday, the CAC 40 is pressed into the red with shortness of breath and banking stocks before the release of U.S. indicators

Yesterday on Wall Street indices ended the session up 2.2% for the Dow and the Nasdaq 3.3% driven by the consumption figures in the United States. Asian markets followed suit with their American counterparts. In Tokyo, the Nikkei was up 1.22% to 8959.75 points while unemployment is again on the rise for the second consecutive month in July and that retail sales fell by 0.3% from June

The correct orientation of financial markets has boosted oil prices.Asian markets, the Nymex is trading at 87.49 dollars, he finished in 87.27 dollars in New York, up $ 1.90 from Friday. Brent crude traded him to 112.17 dollars.

On the front of the foreign exchange market, the euro continues to rise slightly against the greenback, moving always on top bar $ 1.45. At about 8 am in Paris, the European currency was worth 1.4528 dollars against 1.4510 dollars late Monday.

Fears about the health of banks

The day before, call to order by Christine Lagarde bound for European banks has prompted European leaders to defend the institutions of the old continent. "European banks are much better capitalized today than they were a year ago. This was confirmed by stress tests conducted in July, "assured the Commissioner of Economic Affairs Olli Rehn.

But on Tuesday, it was the turn of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to throw fuel on the fire. The IASB believes that the provisions made by banks and European insurers about their exposure to Greek debt have been dumped, reports the Financial Times. According to the newspaper, BNP Paribas and CNP Assurances are particularly concerned by this risk. BNP Paribas is stable at 34.41 euros and CNP Assurances does not earn more than 0.20% to 12.35 euros.

Also Tuesday, the president of MEDEF, Laurence Parisot, in turn criticized the words of Christine Lagarde, saying his statement "incomprehensible. European banks are strong. And for French banks, we must bear in mind that we have banks among the strongest in the world, "said the boss of bosses of Europe 1.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has also generally lowered its economic growth forecasts for 2011 and 2012, leaving unchanged the forecast of Germany for the current year.

Still on macroeconomic indicators will be out today. Before trading, the markets did not take umbrage at the publication of a fall, but strong early sales of new homes in the second quarter in France.

Economic Confidence Index, published by the European Commission, fell to 98.3 points against 103 points in July. This is the sixth consecutive decline. Throughout the European Union, the confidence of business leaders and consumers has declined even more significantly, by 5 percentage points to 97.3 points, against 102.3 points in July.

Are also expected in mid-day figures for business failures.

Overseas, the index of consumer confidence, the housing (Case-Shiller) and the minutes of the last Fed meeting will also facilitate the session.

Arcelor-Mittal is growing in Australia

On the corporate side, Arcelor-Mittal (1.60% to 14.58 euros) is about to take control of Australia's Macarthur, world's largest producer of pulverized coal, in association with the American Peabody Energy . The tender offer made by the European steel amounts to 5.16 billion dollars. Macarthur's management finally yielded to the new offer revised upwards by the Arcelor-Peobody tandem: it is 16 Australian dollars (11.8 euros) per share, against A $ 15.50 earlier.

The semi-annual publications are now many, especially among heavyweights rating.Note that the Y real, Havas, Bouygues, Colas, Vinci, Bollore, NRJ Group and Devoteam detail their half-year after the market closes.

In addition, Ipsen (6.12% to 23.50 euros) announced revenues up 5.3% in the first half. He also announced an upward adjustment of its sales forecast for 2011 in favor of a less pronounced decline than expected sales in general practice.

The French shipowner CMA-CGM said that 2011 should be "a good year" for the group, claiming to have already funded the bulk of its investments for 2011 and 2012.The company said to have $ 1.7 billion (1.17 billion euros) in cash at the end of June, July and have paid $ 550 million bond line, while press reports evoked ago few weeks of possible cash flow problems.

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Wednesday afternoon, France is officially under the seal of "under budget". Unofficially, it is the rigor that is installed. The Greek crisis of July and the reaction of the markets in August precipitated decisions. Without waiting for the draft budget law for 2012 presented in September, the Hexagon has taken the lead in the face of nervous markets, which scan the microscope evolution curves finances.

After speaking with the social partners, having examined the proposals of the budget minister, Valérie Pécresse, and his colleague of Economy, Baroin, and after a final meeting Wednesday with arbitration the head of state, Francois Fillon will detail the efforts needed for France to respect its commitments.

Paris has in fact promised to bring its public deficit of 5.7% of GDP this year to 4.6% next year and 3% in 2013.Objectives "soft," insists the Prime Minister. And have become even more complicated to keep that growth, which has a breathing hole world in recent months, could not keep its promises. First equation to solve for the executive, what new growth assumption adopted for next year? Currently set at 2.25%, it could be lowered around 2% but the final decision will be refereed by Nicolas Sarkozy on Wednesday.

Whatever the figure used is a real austerity to be announced in the wake. The principle consists in an "effort equitably distributed among the wealthy households and the less affluent, but also between large companies and small companies," says Is there at Bercy.According to the Social Partners to Fillon who spoke Monday night, the government prepares to announce 3 to 4 billion in savings for 2011 – an order of magnitude as the Department's budget did not confirm Tuesday – and about ten billion 2012.

Precautionary reserves

This effort will break down between cuts on spending and tax measures. Regarding the latter aspect, the government does not lack ideas.Changing the tax exemption of overtime, tax on higher income, higher social package for businesses, real decrease in certain benefits … "In our sorrow, we have the advantage of having an incredible addition to spending, wealthy in some cases, "explained Baroin, mid-August, citing a total of 75 billion euros of tax loopholes and $ 45 billion social niches.

On the expenditure side, Bercy asked departments to provide an extra effort this year. The reason: the frigate affair of Taiwan, which requires the state to pay 460 million euros.To avoid this expenditure is widening the gap, saving the same amount will be made.

More precisely, the departments may not use funds they have traditionally used to spend at year end by drawing on reserves of precaution put in place earlier this year. Defense will be particularly drawn upon.

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Operation seduction for Joe Biden. The U.S. vice president, who loop a five-day official visit to China, wanted to reassure foreign creditors first in Washington on the economic strength of the United States. Americans "have never been in default and never will be," he said Sunday.

According to Joe Biden, even if the agreement signed last moment three weeks ago by Congress to prevent this disaster has cost the country a deterioration in its S & P notes, "The United States remains the best option to invest."

The message is "clear"

Beijing, which holds nearly 1.17 trillion dollars of U.S. debt, had been very critical of the U.S. government after the historic decision of the rating agency. The country was particularly called on Americans to stop living above their means.

The visit of U.S. Vice President in China, entirely focused on the issue of U.S. debt and the solidity of the world's largest economy, appears to have reassured. "You have sent a clear message to the Chinese public, that the United States will keep their promises and their commitments to their sovereign debt," has said Premier Wen Jiabao. This will ensure the safety, liquidity and value of good Americans. " The Chinese leader also claims to have "full confidence in the fact that the U.S. will overcome their difficulties and put their economy back on track for healthy growth."

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Wall Street still frozen in the red. At midday, the Dow Jones unscrewed from 3.34% to 10,865 points, the Nasdaq 2.73% to loose 2415 points and the S & P lost 2.97% to 1138 points. As in Europe, signs of nervousness are palpable the day after a session rebound. The volume of trade is still very well fleshed out and heightened volatility. "At this stage, investors dizzy," says Oliver Pursche, president of Gary Goldberg Financial Services.

On Wednesday, Greece worried again. The country plans to expand its exchange program to include obligations of the securities in the longer term, which penalizes first private creditors. As the European markets, the banking sector is particularly attacked the image of Bank of America (-9.87%), Citigroup (-8.49%), Goldman Sachs (-7.76%), Morgan Stanley ( -7.52%), Wells Fargo (-6.17%) and JP Morgan Chase (-6.13%).

In addition, rumors of degradation of the note of the French debt by a rating agency revived fears about the health of the euro area. "These rumors are totally unfounded and the three agencies Standard and Poor's, Fitch and Moody's have confirmed that there was no risk of degradation," it was stated in the entourage of the Minister of Finance, Baroin.

Fear of a recession

In addition, operators are even very concerned about the state of the U.S. economy. Yesterday, the world stock markets have overreacted, and positive against all odds, to about the Fed. This has indeed ensured that it would maintain its rates at a historical low, and until mid-2013 to support the economy. Its leaders also promised various stimulus, but without specifying its content. It will probably wait until his final release in late August.On the merits, however, the Fed has painted a disturbing report from the world's largest economy. Growth, pointing in particular the U.S. central bank, is growing at an annual rate of less than 1% in the first half, where the institution expected, earlier this year, more than 3%.

The market was undergoing "fears about the economy, perhaps headed toward a new recession, and lingering concerns about the debt problems of the euro area," said Peter Cardillo, Rockwell Global Capital.

In contrast, oil prices were up sharply on the New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex). A barrel of "light sweet crude" for September delivery finished at 82.89 dollars, up 3.59 dollars compared to the previous day. Oil stocks have fallen dramatically and unexpectedly last week in the U.S., according to figures released by the U.S. Department of Energy.Crude inventories fell 5.2 million barrels to 349.8 million barrels in the week ended August 5. Analysts polled by Dow Jones Newswires had forecast the contrary, an increase of 1.1 million barrels.

Note that the budget deficit of the United States continued to fall in July for the fourth consecutive month according to figures released Wednesday by the Treasury Department.The deficit stood at 129.4 billion dollars for the tenth month of the fiscal year 2010-2011, which began October 1, or 22% less than in July 2010, the ministry said.

Disney abused despite good results

On the business side, Cisco (-1.68% to 13.82 dollars) will unveil its results later this evening the fourth quarter, along with News Corp (-5.36% to 13.77 dollars).

Disney (-12.72% to 30.29 dollars) falls after the media group has yet announced quarterly results better than expected thanks to strong advertising revenue on its cable networks.

The title of U.S. internet group AOL (-8.85% to 10.20 dollars) has lost over a quarter of its value on Tuesday at the New York Stock Exchange after the release of disappointing quarterly earnings and lower forecasts. The stock has dropped 25.75% against the current of a market up sharply.The action even reached 10.36 dollars during the session, the lowest price ever since the split with Time Warner in 2009.

Facebook on Tuesday launched a new application for mobile phones iPhone (Apple) and those equipped with the Android operating system (Google) to send messages to his "friends" on social networking, but also to other contacts. Called "Messenger", the application can send both text messages (SMS) and email.

Apple (-1.11% to 369.85 dollars) briefly delighted yesterday to ExxonMobil, its position as the first market capitalization.

Twenty products absent from the shelves of the pharmacy on the first day of the week. This is the situation that a small pharmacy owner in the fifteenth arrondissement of Paris, a few days of the summer closure of his pharmacy. An almost normal, and shared by many of his colleagues. These problems of supply disruptions, the pharmaceutical companies (LEEM) have also identified a few months. Front-line antiretroviral drugs (treatments against AIDS), insulin, or steroids. In some small pharmacies, such as supply disruptions related antidepressants and vaccines.

"The mountain of pharmacies in these areas have alerted us, says we in the trade association of the drug industry, because in general, breaks off and still found the result of bad weather, or social movements. " This was not necessarily the case in recent months."For some specific drugs, including antiretrovirals, there is a significant difference between the amounts made available to the distribution channel for businesses, and far below the number of units issued by the city pharmacies" confirms the organization.

In this case, then those products which go missing? According to Leem, some drugs would be captured by "short liners," the new intermediate appeared recently (4-5 years), whose intervention "aims to capture the margins, and do not have to Unlike the traditional players, a culture of health professionals ", warns Leem.And the controversy grew about the possible disruptive effect that these new players would result in the drug market.

Introduction of quotas

These new entrants are currently only 2.5% of the market for thirty entities in competition with wholesale distributors, who are the traditional intermediaries between laboratories and the approximately 23,000 French owners of pharmacies. "This is especially true for drugs produced and distributed in small quantities, such as antiretroviral (ARV) where their intervention significantly affects the fluidity of the market, says Emmanuel Déchin, general secretary of the Chambre Syndicale in the pharmaceutical distribution (CSRP) , which comprises seven members, representing 97% of the French market."We know that none of these ARV box which is sold is intended for the French market.".

In addition, since the early 2000s in France, every distribution is given by pharmaceutical companies, quotas based on national market share. "We understand the concern of an economic actor such as a laboratory to better control the flow of production, Emmanuel Déchin tempers. But it also induces more rigid and can penalize us and expose us to break. " Today, about 600 drugs on the 5300 allowed the French market are subject to these quotas. And strong demand in France for some products, lead to regular stock-outs on nearly 270 specialties, according to the Union of pharmacists (USPO) payday loan lenders.

Also advancing to explain that some pharmaceutical giants, if dispatchers do not hesitate to reserve a portion of their stocks of the more "lucrative". Indeed, patented products still sell for an average of three to five times more expensive in the U.S. than in France. And even within the European Union, large disparities persist. On average, the products can be sold 20% more expensive in Germany than in France, while in Spain, prices are generally lower than 10%. "I do not honestly believe that a laboratory, despite its economic imperatives, can do this type of arbitrage to the detriment of the health of patients' tempers Déchin Emmanuel.

The health minister is prepared to legislate

For his part, and face these charges, the Health Minister Xavier Bertrand was firm: "These systems are known to parallel importation, but I do not want that.What is planned for France should be consumed in France, "he said on Europe 1 radio on Tuesday. He was prepared to legislate if laboratories and wholesalers did not meet their obligations, "or you meet your quota, or I will oblige with a new text, he said. It's a shame to come here but I will not hesitate one second to do so. "

Therefore, to overcome these difficulties, some small pharmacists have no choice but to defeat the usual, explains that another pharmacist in a small pharmacy (800,000 euros of annual turnover): "either we manage with co-major pharmacies that are generally better off than us, or we go directly to the laboratory control. But this can only be temporary, because of course we pay more than the wholesaler! ".For two or three years, the pharmacist admitted being increasingly confronted with such situations, including antiretrovirals and cancer. Clearly, treatments that can not wait. Troubleshooting

Faced with this shortage, Leem and the French Agency for Safety of Health Products (AFSSAPS) have set up emergency solutions (stocks troubleshooting, short circuit …) and special issues to avoid the maximum out-of treatment for patients. A temporary workaround, which can not do without an in-depth study of the new challenges of the French system of drug distribution. What the Department of Competition and Fraud (DGCCRF) seems to be addressing.

In turn, dispatchers did not call for the abolition of quotas, nor to that of intra-EU trade, but felt that the resolution of this issue "very complex" pass through "pragmatism and a sense of responsibility on the part of all actors in the chain, given the economic pressure to which they are subjected. "

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On the front of the consumer, the month of June was not enough to save a lackluster quarter. Household spending rose 1.2% in June, the INSEE report, after declining 0.3% in May The quarter (April to June), the index of consumption fell 1.8%. This figure could have been worse: INSEE revised sharply upward the month of May, where consumption fell by only 0.3% instead of 0.8% as previously estimated.

If in June, the index of consumption has recovered, it is "largely by the increase in durable goods and textile and leather," says INSEE. The first of these two categories, rising 2.5% over the month, thanks to automobile purchases, which rose by 2.2%. But this increase does not offset the decline from 11.2% over the entire quarter.A figure beating down all durable goods, down 6 guaranteed approval cash advance loans.3% over this period, after rising 2.2% earlier this year.

The timing of sales, which began very early, has also supported consumption in June. Textiles and leather saw its sales jump by 4.3% over the month. Throughout the second quarter, this item was down 0.3%. Moreover, "the rebound in spending on household equipment (3.8%) bodes well for the construction Stirrers, even if denrier remains depressed," says Camille Williencourt, economist at Natixis.

Traditional engine of French growth, consumption at half-mast over the quarter bodes well for slower growth over this period, after the strong rebound early in the year (+0.9%). Societe Generale table for his part in an inert quarterly growth of 0.1%.